The Importance of Skin to Skin Contact

The Breast Crawl

There are now a multitude of studies that show that mothers and babies should be together, skin to skin (baby naked, not wrapped in a blanket) immediately after birth, as well as later. The baby is happier, the baby’s temperature is more stable and more normal, the baby’s heart and breathing rates are more stable and more normal, and the baby’s blood sugar is more elevated, but normal. Not only that, but skin to skin also contact immediately after birth allows the baby to be colonized by the same bacteria as the mother. This, plus breastfeeding, are thought to be important in the prevention of allergic diseases. When a baby is put into an incubator, his skin and gut are colonized by bacteria different from his mother’s.

Below is the stereotyped behaviour of the newborn baby who “performs” the breast crawl. The problem is that it takes time, around 50 to 60 minutes on average for the baby to crawl from the mother’s abdomen to latching on to the breast.

Watch this video of a baby crawling to the breast. The father called the video “babies versus computers” because near the end of the video (edited down from about 1 hour to just over 1 minute), a nurse wants to take the baby away. The father asks why she is doing that and she answers “because we have to weigh the baby and put the weight into the computer”. This epitomizes so much of what we do wrong. However, it should be noted that in Toronto, it is very unlikely that the staff would have tolerated even 30 minutes of the breast crawl.

Note that the baby has not been washed. Vernix still covers much of his skin.

See also this video of a 36 week gestation baby who has crawled to the breast, has latched on and is drinking. In many hospitals, the staff would be concerned that the baby would become hypoglycemic (low blood sugar), but why would he become hypoglycemic? He is drinking milk beautifully as seen by the pause in the chin. See this video of a baby drinking well at the breast and compare with the video of the 36 week gestation baby. True, this video is of a 3 week old baby and the mother has a very generous milk supply, but it is so that you can compare and see the drinking in the newborn 36 week gestation baby.

Kangaroo Mother Care

We now know that the breast crawl is good and possible not only for the baby born at term and in good health, but also even for the premature baby. Skin to skin contact and Kangaroo Mother Care can contribute much to the care of the premature baby. Even babies on oxygen can be cared for skin to skin, and this helps reduce their need for extra oxygen, and keeps them more stable in other ways as well (See www.kangaroomothercare.com) (See the information sheet Breastfeeding the Premature Baby).

To appreciate the importance of keeping mother and baby skin to skin for as long as possible in these first few weeks of life (not just at feedings) it might help to understand that a human baby, like any mammal, has a natural habitat: in close contact with the mother (or father).

When a baby or any mammal is taken out of this natural habitat, it shows all the physiologic signs of being under significant stress. A baby not in close contact with his mother (or father) by being distance (under a heat lamp or in an incubator) or swaddled in a blanket, may become too sleepy or lethargic or becomes disassociated altogether or cry and protest in despair.

When a baby is swaddled s/he cannot interact with his mother, the way nature intended. With skin to skin contact, the mother and the baby exchange sensory information that stimulates and elicits “baby” behaviour: rooting and searching the breast, staying calm, breathing more naturally, staying warm, maintaining his/her body temperature and maintaining his/her blood sugar.

From the point of view of breastfeeding, babies who are kept skin to skin with the mother immediately after birth for at least an hour (as seen above in the videos), are more likely to latch on without any help and they are more likely to latch on well, especially if the mother did not receive medication during the labour or birth.

As mentioned in the information sheet Breastfeeding—Starting out Right, a baby who latches on well gets milk more easily than a baby who latches on less well. See the video clips of a young baby (less than 48 hours old). True, I am showing the mother breast compressions to increase the flow of milk to the baby, but the baby is latched on well, with the asymmetric latch. When a baby latches on well, the mother will not get sore nipples. Not incidentally, if the baby has a tongue tie, the baby is not well latched on well. If the mother does get sore nipples, it means the baby is not latched on well.

When a mother’s milk is abundant, the baby can take the breast poorly and still get lots of milk, though the feedings may then be long or frequent or both, and the mother is more prone to develop problems such as sore nipples, blocked ducts and mastitis, and late onset decreasing milk supply and flow.

In the first few days, however, the mother does have enough milk, but because it is not abundant, as nature intended, the baby needs a good latch in order to get that milk. Yes, the milk is there even if someone has proved to you with the big pump that there is none at all, or, at breast, only drops.

How much does or does not come out in the pump proves nothing—it is irrelevant. Many mothers with abundant milk supplies have difficulty expressing or pumping more than a small amount of milk in the first few days. Also note, in the first few days, you cannot tell by squeezing the breast whether there is enough milk in there or not.

And a good latch is important to help the baby get the milk that is available. If the baby does not latch on well, the mother may be sore, and if the baby does not get milk well, the baby will want to be on the breast for long periods of time worsening the soreness.

To recap, skin to skin contact immediately after birth, which lasts for at least an hour (and should continue for as many hours as possible throughout the day and night for the first number of weeks) has the following positive effects. The baby:

Is more likely to latch on

Is more likely to latch on well

Maintains his body temperature normal better even than in an incubator

Maintains his heart rate, respiratory rate and blood pressure normal

Has higher, but normal, blood sugar

Is less likely to cry

Is more likely to breastfeed exclusively and breastfeed longer

Will indicate to his mother when he is ready to feed

There is no reason that the vast majority of babies cannot be skin to skin with the mother immediately after birth for at least an hour. Hospital routines, such as weighing the baby, should not take precedence.

The baby should be dried off and put on the mother. Nobody should be pushing the baby to do anything; nobody should be trying to help the baby latch on during this time. The baby may be placed vertically on the mother’s abdomen and chest and be left to find his way to the breast, while mother supports him if necessary. The mother, of course, may make some attempts to help the baby, and this should not be discouraged. This is baby’s first journey in the outside world and the mother and baby should just be left in peace to enjoy each other’s company.

(The mother and baby should not be left alone, however, especially if the mother has received medication, and it is important that not only the mother’s partner, but also a nurse, midwife, doula or physician stay with them—occasionally, some babies do need medical help and someone qualified should be there “just in case”).

The eye drops and the injection of vitamin K can wait a couple of hours. By the way, immediate skin to skin contact can also be done after cæsarean section, even while the mother is getting stitched up, unless there are medical reasons which prevent it. See the photo below which shows a baby just born by caesarean section is skin to skin with the mother. The obstetrician is still sewing up the incision.

Studies have shown that even premature babies, as small as 1200 g (2 lb 10 oz) are more stable metabolically (including the level of their blood sugars) and breathe better if they are skin to skin immediately after birth. Skin to skin contact is quite compatible with other measures taken to keep the baby healthy.

Of course, if the baby is very sick, the baby’s health must not be compromised, but any premature baby who is not suffering from respiratory distress syndrome can be skin to skin with the mother immediately after birth. Indeed, in the premature baby, as in the full term baby, skin to skin contact may decrease rapid breathing into the normal range.

Even if the baby does not latch on during the first hour or two, skin to skin contact is important for the baby and the mother for all the other reasons mentioned.

If the baby does not take the breast right away, do not panic. There is almost never any rush, especially in the full term healthy baby. One of the most harmful approaches to feeding the newborn has been the bizarre notion that babies must feed every three hours. Babies should feed when they show signs of being ready, and keeping a baby next to his mother will make it obvious to her when the baby is ready. There is not a stitch of proof that babies must feed every three hours or by any schedule, but based on such a notion, many babies are being pushed into the breast simply because three hours have passed. The baby who is not yet interested in feeding may object strenuously, and thus is pushed even more, resulting, in many cases, in baby refusing the breast because we want to make sure they take the breast. And it gets worse. If the baby keeps objecting to being pushed into the breast and gets more and more upset, then the “obvious next step” is to give a supplement. And it is obvious where we are headed (see the information sheet When a Baby Has Not Yet Latched).

The information presented here is general and not a substitute for personalized treatment from an International Board Certified Lactation Consultant (IBCLC) or other qualified medical professionals.

This information sheet may be copied and distributed without further permission on the condition that it is not used in any context that violates the WHO International Code on the Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes (1981) and subsequent World Health Assembly resolutions. If you don’t know what this means, please email us to ask!

Questions or concerns? Email Dr. Jack Newman (read the page carefully, and answer the listed questions).

Make an appointment at the Newman Breastfeeding Clinic.